How to reformat a personal computer?

REFORMATING A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Steps to reformat a personal Computer

1. Start your PC and press key F2, F12 pr delete key (Depends on your PC model)

2. Your PC will boot from CD and Windows installation will start. Press Enter at this screen.

3. Accept License agreement by pressing F8 key

4. Delete the partitions

5. Create the partitions

6. Define the size of partitions

7. Now select your desired partition for installation of Windows XP and press enter

8. Choose to format the partition. Choose NTFS file system quick.

9. Setup will format the partition

10. After formatting, setup will start copying files on to the hard disk

11. After copying of files, setup will start installing Windows

12. Select desired language and regional settings when prompted by setup

13. Enter windows key

14 Type a name for your computer

15. Select time and date settings and time zone according to your country

16. Provide network settings for networking PC's or select typical settings and press enter

17. Setup will install devices and register components

18. After completion setup will do a cleanup of files and will restart your PC automatically. At this stage you can remove CD from drive

How to share file and printer in a computer network?

Sharing file on Network (server)

1. Replace the file inside the folder
2. Right click the folder
3. Click properties
4. Click sharing
5. Click share this folder on network
6. Click apply
7. and lastly click OK

Checking the file (client)

1. Click start button
2. Click run 
3. Then type \\ [IP address of the server]

Sharing printer on a Network (address)

1. Click control panel
2. Click add printer
3. Right click printer
4. Click sharing
5. Click share this printer
6. Click apply 
7. Click OK

Connecting printer on a Network (client)

1. Click run 
2. Then type \\ [IP Address of server]
3. Double click Printer and Faxes
4. Right click printer
5. Click connect

What is a network or IP address?

What is an IP Address?

Internet Protocol Address(IP address)

 ~ is a logical numeric address that is assigned to every single computer, printer, switch, router or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP based network.The IP address is the core component on which the networking architecture is built; no network exists without it. An IP address is a logical address that is used to uniquely identify every node in the network. Because IP addresses are logical, they can change. They are similar to addresses in a town or city because the IP address gives the network node an address so that it can communicate with other nodes or networks, just like mail is sent to friends and relatives.

Internet protocol Versions

IPv4 – Internet Protocol Version 4

IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dotted - decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octet) of the address.

       

IPv6 - Internet Protocol Version 6 

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a set of specifications from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IE) that's essentially an upgrade of IP version 4 (IPv4). The basics of IPv6 are similar to those of IPv4 -- devices can use IPv6 as source and destination addresses to pass packets over a network, and tools like ping work for network testing as they do in IPv4, with some slight variations.

IP Address Classes

With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a range of valid IP addresses, shown in the following table.

Class A   -   1  to 126Class B   -  128 to 191Class C   -  192 to 223 Class D   -  224 to 239 Class E   -  240 to 255127 - loopback function of a networkClass D - is for multicastClass E - reserved for future or experimental purposes

Creating IP Address

           1.  Right click My Network Places 

          2.  Click Properties          

 3.  Right click Local Area Connection          

 4.  Click Properties         

  5.  Click TCP/IP           

6.Click Properties               

            O  Obtain an IP address automatically                           O  Use the following IP address:                                                       IP Address                                                       Subnet Mask           7.  Click OK

.

Creating IP Configuration

1.  Click Start button 2.  Click Run 3.  Type cmd 4.  Type ipconfig 5.  Type ping [IP address]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address

TYPES OF CABLE

CABLE-It is medium that connects computer in a network
TYPES OF CABLE

1. TWISTED PAIR CABLE

  

                                 ➤   common type of cable.

                                 ➤   have eight individual copper wire bundled together and covered with an                                                insulting material.

                                ➤   the copper wire is always color-code with a plastic insulation's and they are                                            twisted in pairs of a total of four pairs.

TYPES OD TWISTED PAIR CABLES

a. STP ( SHIELDED TWISTED PAIRS)

    ↣ often in used "noisy" environments where a shield of metallic foil is wrapped around each of the wire pairs, with an additional overall shielding to protect against excessive electromagnetic interference.

b. UTP (UNSDEHIELD TWISTED PAIRS)    

 ↣is the most common form of twisted pair wiring                                                                                   ↣it is less expensice and easier to work with than STP.    

 

2. COAXIAL CABLE

➤   the standard media used by cable TV operators.

                                ➤  It consists of a plastic insulator that separates the solid copper inner                                                        conductor and the woven, copper braid outer conductor

3. FIBER - OPTIC CABLE

➤   has a reflective coating that allows the light beams to travel without outer                                             interference

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRAIGHT - THROUGH CABLE ANDCROSS - OVER CABLE

STRAIGHT - THROUGH CABLE

*used to connect different type of devices 

(computer - switch), (switch - router), (router - computer).

                              

CROSS - OVER CABLE

*used to connect same type of devices

   (computer - computer), (switch - switch), (router- router)

What are the types of network topology?

LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY

A bus topology is a network setup in which each computer and network device are connected to a single cable or backbone. The device is connected one after the other in a sequential.

MESH TOPOLOGY

Mesh topology is a type of networking where all nodes cooperate to distribute data among each other.  This topology was originally developed 30+ years ago for military applications.

RING TOPOLOGY

A ring topology is a network configuration in which device connections create a circular data path. Each networked device is connected to two others, like points on a circle. Together, devices in a ring topology are referred to as a ring network.

STAR TOPOLOGY

Star topology is one of the most common network setups. In this configuration, every node connects to a central network device, like a hub, switch, or computer. The central network device acts as a server and the peripheral devices act as clients.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

Hybrid topology is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology which has many advantages (as well as disadvantages) of all the constituent basic topologies rather than having characteristics of one specific topology.

What are the types of computer network?

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A personal area network (PAN) is the interconnection of information technology devices within the range of an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters. They typically involve a computer, phone, printer, tablet and/or some other personal device like a PDA.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Most often, a LAN is confined to a single room, building or group of buildings, however, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network (WAN) is a network that exists over a large-scale geographical area. WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. 

How to be a good netizen?

Being a good netizen is think about you posting, don't abuse the internet, don't fight to the social media.

The web provides users a certain degree of anonymity which makes people say things-mean things that they wouldn’t usually say while having a conversation with someone. Also, abuses are as unwelcome online as they are in the real world. The rule is, if you wouldn’t say something in real life don’t say it online.be calm and be a good netizen.


Would you speak to everyone you met in a loud, harsh tone in real life? Definitely not, it’s simply not civil. Using capitals to say what you have to say online is the same as yelling in real life, it’s rude, annoying and will drive away people.


Do not post sympathetic messages on the wall of a friend who’s just lost her job. Do not have spats with your ex wife online. Do not have conversations that you wouldn’t feel comfortable having in the middle of the day at a crowded cafeteria. Be respectful of people’s privacy.